At the outset I should make it clear that I love my GPS. I bring it on every canoe trip. This said, I ALWAYS carry a compass—two of them, in fact. Both are Orienteering models; one (a Suunto MC-2) has a declination device and a balanced needle that remains level anywhere in the world; the other is a basic Boy Scout style model. The Suunto is on a lanyard in my pocket; the backup compass is in a pack.
People are buying GPS’s like mad these days, but precious few know how to use them. Some are so hooked on GPS technology that they leave paper maps at home and rely entirely on the little chip-map in the GPS—a dangerous mistake. After all, batteries can die, electronics can go bad; screens can break etc. And contrary to the claims of manufacturers, a “waterproof” GPS will take on water if it’s submerged for very long. Equally important is that a GPS screen is too small to permit wide-ranging detail. Of course, you can pan around to see more area, but you won’t see the “big picture”, which is useful for planning the days ahead. Enlarging the map scale reduces the viewing area; making it smaller limits detail. That’s why you need a topographic map that shows the entire route!
A knowledge of map and compass navigation is a must before you commit to GPS. Why? Because it’s easy to make an error when programming GPS waypoints, especially in UTM* (Universal Trans Mercator) mode. Unless your GPS has a detailed built-in topo map (the free North American base map provided with the instrument isn’t good enough), with detail equal to a topographic map, you’ll need to hand plot waypoint coordinates, and it’s much easier and more accurate in UTM mode than in latitude/longitude. (Details are in my books, “Basic Illustrated Map & Compass” and “Canoeing Wild Rivers, Fifth Edition”). Without a working knowledge of map and compass, you’re almost certain to get lost if you make a waypoint plotting error.
Most people who own field model GPS’s have only a rudimentary knowledge of navigation. They know the eight principal compass directions, and that “north” is at the top of a map, but little else. Declination is a mystery, as are the “three north’s” (true, grid, magnetic). Some think that topographic map gridlines point true north and south, which they seldom do.
My friend, Larry Rice, an author and frequent contributor to canoeing magazines, said he once went on a wilderness canoe trip in northern Canada which was “guided” by a man who supposedly was very experienced. The man sent the crew an email stating that to reduce weight and bulk everyone should leave their topo maps and GPS at home (like maybe you'd save 8 ounces!). He said that his GPS contained a detailed map of their entire route, and that’s all they would need.
My friend rolled his eyes at this announcement and of course, brought his own map set, compass and GPS. He said that each day the crew would rally around his topo map to discuss the big picture. The leader’s GPS chip-map was simply too small to show an over-view. Ironically, the “leader” could not always accurately pin-point the crew’s location on Larry’s paper map. I hazard to think what might have happened if Larry had taken the email to heart and the leader had lost or damaged his GPS.
Much as I love my GPS, I find that it’s not all that useful on the small lakes that characterize much of the BWCA. For this, a map and compass get me around just fine.
I would encourage all to become proficient with map and compass before they commit to a GPS. That way, programming errors will quickly be identified. I might add that detailed GPS maps are not available for many remote areas. But paper topo maps cover them all. Overhanging vegetation, canyon walls or heavy cloud cover can prevent an accurate GPS fix. And on rare occasions (as in 911!) the system is shut down. Unless you drop your compass off a cliff or run over it with a truck, it will always work! And the information on a topo map can never be corrupted.
Technology is wonderful but it cannot replace skills and common sense. Bad stuff happens when one least expects it. That’s why I always bring two orienteering style compasses, two sets of maps and a GPS on all my remote canoe adventures.
*Plotting UTM coordinates is easy--see above map.
Cliff Jacobson